Testing functionality that throws exceptions is quite easy using the expected annotation of JUnit. Prefer at least the expected exception solution.

Easily add rich, data-driven charts to your web and mobile apps, chat bots, and emails. Quickly generating thousands of personalized charts has never been easier! You send us data, and we send you back a URL to an image like this one. We have an API you can integrate into your product, or you can upload a CSV like this.

Abstraction is something we are taught to value as programmers, and the process of finding common patterns across parts of a system is one programmers are usually good at. There is another equally important process of improving systems by collapsing redundancy and abstraction. Gilbert Simondon names this concretization .

Normally, this would be one of my de-cluttering days.